Market analyst firm IDTechEx predicts the lithium - sulfur market will exceed $1.3 billion by 2035 and global production will exceed 14 GWh. Lithium - sulfur batteries use a lithium metal negative electrode and a sulfur positive electrode, having high energy density by weight, potential cost - reduction due to abundant sulfur reserves, and improved safety. They're expected to be in mass production by 2033. However, they face issues like polysulfide shuttling, which reduces Coulombic efficiency and battery life, lithium metal dendrite formation, and significant cathode expansion during charge - discharge. To counter polysulfide shuttling, solid electrolytes, alternative liquid electrolytes, or diaphragms can be used. Cathode swelling can be solved by alternative cathode structures or materials like sulfurized polyacrylonitrile. These batteries are suitable for aerospace, defense, maritime applications (especially UAVs) and are expected to be used in electric vehicles, particularly heavy - duty ones.